Old age and survivors

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Some of the earliest forms of welfare state policy were provisions for aging and benefits for family members of workers who experienced work-related deaths. Today, old-age pensions are the most widespread social security programs around the world.

One of the most comprehensive sources of comparative data for old age and survivor policies is the Social Security Programs Throughout the World series of reports and website maintained by the Social Security Administration of the United States. Many of the pre-internet reports are available as scanned books maintained by the Haithi Trust. Additionally,the International Labour Organization (ILO) offers pension legislation for all its member states in the ILO Legislative Series, which covers the period from 1919 to 1988. For coding pension legislation, these sources were predominantly used.

The variables presented below, refer to the first pension program that was implemented in a country and are part of the so-called PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World).In addition, the PENLEG II - Pension Legislation around the World (Africa, Asia, the Americas) dataset offers annual data on pension developments from their origins until today. It entails 1137 variables.


Indicator name* Subcategory I Subcategory II Subcategory III Technical name* Scale* Short description Data origin*
Year of introduction of old-age pension program Old-age Introduction old_pension_firstlaw Date Original CRC Data
Design of old-age pension program Old-age Design old_pension_firstlaw_design Multinomial Original CRC Data
Design of old-age pension program, second pillar Old-age Design old_pension_firstlaw_design2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Mode of financing of old-age pension program, aggregate Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_sum Ordinal Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, state Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_state Multinomial Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employer Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employer Multinomial Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employee Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employee Multinomial Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, state 1 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_state1 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employer 1 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employer1 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employee 1 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employee1 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, only Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_only Multinomial Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, state 2 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_state2 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employer 2 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employer2 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employee 2 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employee2 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employer 3 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employer3 Metric Original CRC Data
Financing of old-age pension program, employee 3 Old-age Financing old_pension_fin_employee3 Metric Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, aggregate Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_sum Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, age Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_age Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, wage Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_wage Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, relatives Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_rel Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, other pensions Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_opension Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, firm size Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_firm Multinomial Original CRC Data
Restrictions of old-age pension coverage, geography Old-age Coverage old_pension_rest_geo Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, aggregate Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_tot Metric Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, horizontal Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_hori Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, vertical Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_verti Metric Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, agriculture 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_agri1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, extractive and manufacturing industry 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_exmain1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, commerce and finance 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_comfin1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, students and apprentices 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_studapp1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, domestic and family workers 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_domwork1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, home workers 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_homework1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, employers 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_employer1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, self-employed 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_selfemp1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, temporary and seasonal workers 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_tempwork1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, foreign workers 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_foreign1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, all citizens 1 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_citizens1 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, agriculture 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_agri2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, extractive and manufacturing industry 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_exmain2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, commerce and finance 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_comfin2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, students and apprentices 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_studapp2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, domestic and family workers 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_domwork2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, home workers 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_homework2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, employers 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_employer2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, self-employed 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_selfemp2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, temporary and seasonal workers 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_tempwork2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, foreign workers 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_foreign2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Coverage of old-age pension, all citizens 2 Old-age Coverage old_pension_cov_citizens2 Multinomial Original CRC Data
Regular retirement age, male Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_agereg_m Metric Original CRC Data
Regular retirement age, female Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_agereg_f Metric Original CRC Data
Maximal retirement age, male Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_agemax_m Metric Original CRC Data
Maximal retirement age, female Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_agemax_f Metric Original CRC Data
Number of regular contribution months, male Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_contrireg_m Metric Original CRC Data
Number of regular contribution months, female Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_contrireg_f Metric Original CRC Data
Existence of retirement requirement Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_emplceas Multinomial Original CRC Data
Number of eligibility criteria, aggregate Old-age Eligibility criteria old_pension_agecont_sum Multinomial Original CRC Data
Regular benefit of old-age pension program, average workers Old-age Benefits old_pension_reprate Metric Original CRC Data
Minimal benefit of old-age pension program Old-age Benefits old_pension_reprate_min Metric Original CRC Data
Maximal benefit of old-age pension program Old-age Benefits old_pension_reprate_max Metric Original CRC Data
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