Regimes of the world index (10 categories)

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Quick info
Data type Numeric
Scale Ordinal
Value labels
  • 0 = Closed autocracy
  • 1 = Closed autocracy (upper bound)
  • 2 = Electoral autocracy (lower bound)
  • 3 = Electoral autocracy
  • 4 = Electoral autocracy (upper bound)
  • 5 = Electoral democracy (lower bound)
  • 6 = Electoral democracy
  • 7 = Electoral democracy (upper bound)
  • 8 = Liberal democracy (lower bound)
  • 9 = Liberal democracy
Technical name polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
Category Political factors
Label Regimes of the world index (10 categories)
Related indicators

V-Dem's "Regimes of the world index" classifies political regimes on an ordinal scale ranging from closed autocracy (0) to liberal democracy (9). It is related to Regimes of the world index (4 categories) but accounts for ambigous cases taking the upper and lower bounds of the point estimates into account.

Conceptually, the four main types are defined as follows (Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 63):

  • Closed autocracy: "No de-facto multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature"
  • Electoral autocracy: "No de-facto multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; De-jure multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature"
  • Electoral democracy: "De-facto multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, or liberal principles not satisfied"
  • Liberal democracy: "De-facto multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, and liberal principles satisfied"

Coding rules

The classification is based on several components and high level democracy indices which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2019). For the index aggregation formula and cut-off points see Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 64 (also Coppedge et al. 2021, 284). The ten categories are defined as follows:

  • 0: Closed autocracy
  • 1: Closed autocracy upper bound: Same as closed autocracy, but the confidence intervals of the multiparty election indicators overlap the level of electoral autocracies.
  • 2: Electoral autocracy lower bound: Same as electoral autocracy, but the confidence intervals of one or both of the multiparty election indicators overlap the level of closed autocracies.
  • 3: Electoral autocracy
  • 4: Electoral autocracy upper bound: Same as electoral autocracy, but the upper bounds of the confidence intervals of the indicators for free and fair and multiparty elections and the Electoral Democracy Index overlap the level of electoral democracies.
  • 5: Electoral democracy lower bound: Same as electoral democracy, but the lower bounds of the confidence intervals of the indicators for free and fair, or multiparty or the Electoral Democracy Index overlap the level of electoral autocracies.
  • 6: Electoral democracy
  • 7: Electoral democracy upper bound: Same as electoral democracy, but the confidence intervals of the indicators for access to justice, and transparent law enforcement, and the liberal component index overlap the level of liberal democracies.
  • 8: Liberal democracy lower bound: Same as liberal democracy, but the confidence intervals of the indicators for access to justice, and transparent law enforcement, and the liberal component index reaches the level of electoral democracies.
  • 9: Liberal democracy

Bibliographic info

Citation: Lührmann, Anna, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2018. "Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes." Politics and Governance 6 (1): 60–77. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214

Related publications:
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem Codebook v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  • Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.

Misc

Project manager(s): Nils Düpont (A01)

Data release:
  • Version 0.001: Initial release

Revisions: No revisions yet

Sources

  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21


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