Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex

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Quick info
Data type Numeric
Scale Metric
Value labels Not applicable
Technical name socstr_si_im_gggi_pos
Category Social structure
Label Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex
Related indicators

"Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex" is a subindex of the "Global Gender Gap Index" that includes three key components: the participation gap, the remuneration gap, and the advancement gap. The index ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap.

Coding rules

This subindex includes three main components: the participation gap, the remuneration gap, and the advancement gap.

  • The participation gap is measured by the difference in labor force participation rates between women and men (ILO).
  • The remuneration gap is assessed using two indicators: a hard data indicator (the ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) (ILO) and a qualitative indicator from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey, which examines wage equality for similar work.
  • The advancement gap is measured by two hard data statistics: the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials, and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers (ILO).

To ensure consistency, all data is first converted to female-to-male ratios. These ratios are then truncated at the "equality benchmark," which is set at 1, indicating gender parity (equal numbers of women and men). After normalizing the indicators by equalizing their standard deviations, the subindex is calculated as the weighted average of the individual indicators. The highest possible score is 1 (gender parity), and the lowest is 0 (gender disparity). The benchmarks for gender parity and disparity have remained consistent, enabling year-on-year comparisons and relative country rankings over time.

Teorell et al. (2024:1317) define the variable as "Economic Participation and Opportunity (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap). This subindex contains three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured using the difference between women and men in labour force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative indicator gathered through the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers)."

Bibliographic info

Citation:
  • Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli, Rafael Lopez Valverde & Paula Nilsson (2024). The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan24. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government, doi:10.18157/qogstdjan24
  • Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). The global gender gap report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/
Related publications:

Misc

Project manager(s): Responsible for data editing, description (WESIS) and entry: Andrea Schäfer (2021-2025, Version 0.001); Principal Investigator: Irene Dingeldey, Ulrich Mückenberger

Data release:
  • Version 0.001: Initial release with data from The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version January 2024

Revisions: No revisions yet

Sources

  • Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli, Rafael Lopez Valverde & Paula Nilsson (2024). The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan24. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government, doi:10.18157/qogstdjan24
  • Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). The global gender gap report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/


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