Difference between revisions of "Electoral democracy index"

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{{Indicator
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{{IndicatorForm
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|datatype = Numeric
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|datatype=Numeric
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|scale = Metric
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|scale=Metric
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|valuelabels = Not applicable
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|valuelabels=Not applicable
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|techname = polnat_sys_polyarchy_vdem
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|techname=polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
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|category= Political factors
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|category=Political factors
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|label = Electoral democracy index
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|label=Electoral democracy index
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|relatedindicators =  
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|relatedindicators=<ul>
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<ul>
 
 
   <li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
 
   <li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
 
   <li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
 
   <li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
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  </ul>
 
  </ul>
  
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|description =  
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|description=The "Electoral democracy index" is one of five V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
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The "Electoral democracy index" is part of V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
+
The "Electoral democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''electoral''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).
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The "Electoral democracy index" in particular refers to the ideal of electoral democracy in its fullest sense and ranges from 0 to 1.
 
  
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It is defined as follows:
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Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
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"The electoral principle of democracy seeks to embody the core value of making rulers
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"The electoral component of democracy embodies the core value of making rulers responsive
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responsive to citizens, achieved through electoral competition for the electorate’s approval
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to citizens through competition for the approval of a broad electorate during periodic
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under circumstances when suffrage is extensive; political and civil society organizations can
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elections. We have opted to capture Dahl's (1998) concept of polyarchy, which identifies the
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operate freely; elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic irregularities; and
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following political institutions as constitutive of modern representative democracy: (1)
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elections affect the composition of the chief executive of the country. In between elections,
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elected officials; (2) free, fair and frequent elections; (3) freedom of expression and alternative
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there is freedom of expression and an independent media capable of presenting alternative
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sources of information; (4) associational autonomy; and (5) inclusive citizenship (universal
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views on matters of political relevance. In the V-Dem conceptual scheme, electoral democracy
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suffrage)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582).
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is understood as an essential element of any other conception of representative democracy —
+
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itsels is derived from "the elected executive index (''v2x_accex'', based on 12 indicators), the clean elections index (''v2xel_frefair'', based on 8 indicators), the freedom of expression index (''v2x_freexp_thick'', based on 9 indicators, including 3 for alternative sources of information), the freedom of association index (''v2x_frassoc_thick'', based on 6 indicators), and the suffrage indicator (''v2x_suffr''). All indices range from 0 to 1, and all except that on elected executive (which is a derived construct) are based on point predictions from Bayesian factor analyses (BFA) that all support unidimensionality" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
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liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, or some other" (Coppedge et al. 2019, 39).
 
  
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|codingrules = The index is composed of several component and lower-level indices. For the aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2019, 39.
+
For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.
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|relatedpublications =
 
−
<ul>
 
−
  <li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg,
 
−
Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna
 
−
Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim,
 
−
Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw,
 
−
Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang,
 
−
Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2019. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/reference/version-9-apr-2019/ V-Dem Codebook v9]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
 
−
  <li>Teorell, Jan, Michael Coppedge, Staffan Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2019. "Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017". ''Studies in Comparative International Development'' 54 (1): 71–95.</li>
 
−
</ul>
 
  
 +
|citation=Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]
 +
|relatedpublications=<ul>
 +
<li>
 +
Dahl, Robert A. 1998. ''On Democracy''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
 +
</li>
 +
<li>
 +
Teorell, Jan, Michael Coppedge, Staffan Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2019. "Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017". ''Studies in Comparative International Development'' 54 (1): 71–95. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z]
 +
</li>
 +
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
 +
[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ "V-Dem Codebook v11.1"]. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
 +
<li>Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.</li>
 +
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Marcus Tannenberg, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Felix Wiebrecht, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2025. [https://v-dem.net/documents/55/codebook.pdf "V-Dem Codebook v15"]. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
 +
<li>Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2025. "The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data". [https://v-dem.net/media/publications/wp21_2025.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 10th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.</li>
 +
</ul>
  
−
|projectmanagers = project managers
+
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (INF), Paul Bederke
−
|datarelease = data release
+
|datarelease=<ul>
−
|revisions = revisions
+
<li>Version 0.001: Initial release</li>
−
|sources = sources
+
<li>Version 0.002: Updated with data from V-Dem v10 + two erroneous COW codes fixed resulting from country name mismatches</li>
 +
<li>Version 0.003: Updated with data from V-Dem v11.1</li>
 +
<li>Version 0.004: Updated with data from V-Dem v15</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
|revisions=Prior to version 0.004 data for Germany and Yemen were separated adhering to their COW code in a strict sense; as of v0.004 data is now in line with V-Dem's continous ID reflecting the [[Country_codes#A_note_on_.22counterfactual_and_related_unit.22_coding|"related unit coding"]] of WeSIS.
 +
|sources=<ul>
 +
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]</li>
 +
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Marcus Tannenberg, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Felix Wiebrecht, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2025. "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v15" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds25 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds25]</li>
 +
</ul>
 
}}
 
}}

Latest revision as of 10:31, 8 May 2025

Quick info
Data type Numeric
Scale Metric
Value labels Not applicable
Technical name polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
Category Political factors
Label Electoral democracy index
Related indicators

The "Electoral democracy index" is one of five V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level. The "Electoral democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of electoral democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows: "The electoral component of democracy embodies the core value of making rulers responsive to citizens through competition for the approval of a broad electorate during periodic elections. We have opted to capture Dahl's (1998) concept of polyarchy, which identifies the following political institutions as constitutive of modern representative democracy: (1) elected officials; (2) free, fair and frequent elections; (3) freedom of expression and alternative sources of information; (4) associational autonomy; and (5) inclusive citizenship (universal suffrage)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582).

Coding rules

The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itsels is derived from "the elected executive index (v2x_accex, based on 12 indicators), the clean elections index (v2xel_frefair, based on 8 indicators), the freedom of expression index (v2x_freexp_thick, based on 9 indicators, including 3 for alternative sources of information), the freedom of association index (v2x_frassoc_thick, based on 6 indicators), and the suffrage indicator (v2x_suffr). All indices range from 0 to 1, and all except that on elected executive (which is a derived construct) are based on point predictions from Bayesian factor analyses (BFA) that all support unidimensionality" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.

Bibliographic info

Citation: Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". International Political Science Review 37 (2): 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046

Related publications:
  • Dahl, Robert A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Teorell, Jan, Michael Coppedge, Staffan Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2019. "Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017". Studies in Comparative International Development 54 (1): 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem Codebook v11.1". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  • Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Marcus Tannenberg, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Felix Wiebrecht, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2025. "V-Dem Codebook v15". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  • Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2025. "The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data". V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 10th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.

Misc

Project manager(s): Nils Düpont (INF), Paul Bederke

Data release:
  • Version 0.001: Initial release
  • Version 0.002: Updated with data from V-Dem v10 + two erroneous COW codes fixed resulting from country name mismatches
  • Version 0.003: Updated with data from V-Dem v11.1
  • Version 0.004: Updated with data from V-Dem v15

Revisions: Prior to version 0.004 data for Germany and Yemen were separated adhering to their COW code in a strict sense; as of v0.004 data is now in line with V-Dem's continous ID reflecting the "related unit coding" of WeSIS.

Sources

  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Marcus Tannenberg, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Felix Wiebrecht, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2025. "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v15" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds25


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