Difference between revisions of "Fam mat leave cov own"

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|relatedindicators = <ul><li>[[Fam_mat_leave_cov_own2]]</li></ul>
 
|relatedindicators = <ul><li>[[Fam_mat_leave_cov_own2]]</li></ul>
 
|description = Aggregated ''de jure'' coverage of maternity program(s) (as categorical variable)
 
|description = Aggregated ''de jure'' coverage of maternity program(s) (as categorical variable)
−
|codingrules = This variable provides detailed information about the coverage, preserving the original coding from national legislation texts as much as possible. The basic format of this variable is the "numeric index. occupation or status", e.g. 1.1 resident. We add a numeric index in front of the name of the occupation or employment sector to identify (especially atypical) employment sectors and public/private division. We first categorize legal coverages into three attributes: status, types of employment (atypical or not), and occupation. Next, we categorize more precisely. The keys of the numeric index are as follows:
+
|codingrules = This variable standardizes the coding of coverage to enable cross-sectional as well as temporal comparisons. In cases where multiple parallel maternity leave programs exist, the coverage in the database is aggregated to give an overview of the paid maternity leave coverage within the nation-state.  
  
 +
Based on the classification of coverage in the ILO Maternity Protection Conventions (C003, C103, and C183), we matched all occupations and other types of categorical entitlement conditions to the four sectors used by the ILO: industrial, non-industrial, agricultural, and atypical. These employment sectors are chained together using a semicolon “;” and listed in alphabetical order, i.e. agricultural; industrial; non-industrial. If the maternity program covers only civil servants employees in public sector, it is coded as “none”.
  
−
1. Status
+
If legal coverage is coded as “all employed” from the very first maternity protection program, it does not necessarily mean that the program actually covers the entire working population. It is often the case that countries did not recognize the necessity (or social right) of maternity protection for marginal groups, such as agricultural workers and those in atypical employment. In most countries, the term “atypical workers” only began to appear in social insurance legislation after the 1960s. Therefore, in the early years, when coverage is described as “all employed”, we coded it as covering “industrial, non-industrial, agricultural” sectors, unless there was explicit inclusion of specific occupational groups in the legislation.  
  
−
1.1 residence (e.g. 1.1 resident, 1.1 universal, 1.1 British subject)
 
  
−
1.2 gender, age, marital status, income level (e.g. 1.2 needy, 1.2 single, 1.2 widow)
+
1. Industrial sector:
  
−
1.3 regional information (e.g. 1.3 citizens in La Paz)
+
(a) mines, quarries, and other works for the extraction of minerals from the earth
  
−
1.4 ethnic group (e.g. 1.4 Asian, 1.4 Aborigine)
+
(b) industries in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleaned, repaired, ornamented, finished, adapted for sale, broken up or demolished, or in
 +
which materials are transformed; including shipbuilding and the generation, transformation, and transmission of electricity or motive power of any kind;
  
−
1.5 beneficiary of other types of social programs (e.g. 1.5 pensioner, 1.5 widow of recipient)
+
(c) construction, reconstruction, maintenance, repair, alteration, or demolition of any building, railway, tramway, harbour, dock, pier, canal, inland waterway, road, tunnel, bridge, viaduct, sewer, drain, well, telegraphic or telephonic installation, electrical undertaking, gas work, water work, or other work of construction, as well as the preparation for or laying the foundation of any such work or structure;
  
 +
(d) transport of passengers or goods by road, rail, sea, or inland waterway, including the handling of goods at docks, quays, wharves, and warehouses, but excluding transport by hand.
  
−
2. Types of employment (especially atypical types of employment)
 
  
−
(e.g. 2. self-employed, 2. family workers, 2. household workers, 2. irregular workers)
+
2. Non-industrial sector:
  
 +
(a) commercial establishments;
  
−
3. Occupation  (hierarchical structure)
+
(b) postal and telecommunication services;
  
−
3.1 highest level: employed, unemployed, students/apprentice, religious occupation
+
(c) establishments and administrative services in which the persons employed are mainly engaged in clerical work;
  
−
3.2 middle level: private sector, public sector
+
(d) newspaper undertakings;
  
−
3.3 lowest level (details of the occupation)
+
(e) hotels, boarding houses, restaurants, clubs, cafes and other refreshment houses;
  
−
3.4 membership in trade union
+
(f) establishments for the treatment and care of the sick, infirm or destitute and of orphans;
  
 +
(g) theatres and places of public entertainment.
  
−
If a paid maternity leave in a nation-state covers more than one occupation or status, these formats will be connected with either ";" or “,” or "+". We chain information involving two different levels with “;” if paid maternity leave covers a broad occupational category and explicitly includes specific occupations. For instance, if it is coded as “3.2 private; 3.3 agricultural”, it means this country covers employees in the private sector including the agricultural sector. However, if we chain information involving two different levels of occupational categories with “+”, it means that the paid maternity leave covers only the lower level of occupational categories that belongs to the higher level of occupational categories. For instance, “3.2 public + 3.3 military” indicates that the paid maternity leave covers only military groups in the public sector. “,” connects information in the same level or categories, e.g. “3.3 agricultural, commercial, industrial” or “3.2 public, private”.
 
  
−
In case of multiple parallel maternity leave programs, coverage in the database is aggregated to give an overview of the coverage of paid maternity leave in the nation-state. Below, we present how we coded multiple maternity leave schemes in Chile from 1924 until 1952 as an example.
+
3. Agricultural sector:
  
−
Between 1924 and 1952, Chile has adopted five major reforms regarding paid maternity leave. Chile introduced its first paid maternity leave as part of a social insurance system in 1924, covering wage earners. Shortly afterwards, it  extended its coverage to salaried employees and industrial/commercial workers by adopting different schemes of paid maternity leave, which each had  conditions that differed from the first paid maternity leave. For instance, the salaried employees with high qualification were entitled to a higher level of benefit and a longer period of leave. On the other hand, industrial and commercial workers were not included in the social insurance scheme but subject to an employer-liability program. In 1932, Labour code Decree No. 178 intended to guarantee the right of paid maternity leave for all groups, but without unifying the methods of financing, e.g. employer-liability or social insurance. The reform in 1952, i.e. Act No. 10383, which was the follow-up reform of the Act No. 4054, increased the level of benefit and prolonged the duration of benefit for wage earners.  
+
occupations carried on in agricultural undertakings, including plantations and large-scale industrialized agricultural undertakings.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
4. Atypical sector:
 +
 
 +
fixed term contracts, casual, contract, seasonal and part-time workers, homeworkers, piece workers, temporary agency workers, unorganized, informal employees and women in disguised self-employment.
 +
  
 
|citation = Keonhi Son, Tobias Böger, Simone Tonelli, Petra Buhr, Sonja Drobnič, and Johannes Huinink, 2020, “Codebook of Historical Database on Maternity Leave (HDML)”, available at: “https://www.socialpolicydynamics.de/sfb-publikationen/sfb-1342-technical-paper-series”.
 
|citation = Keonhi Son, Tobias Böger, Simone Tonelli, Petra Buhr, Sonja Drobnič, and Johannes Huinink, 2020, “Codebook of Historical Database on Maternity Leave (HDML)”, available at: “https://www.socialpolicydynamics.de/sfb-publikationen/sfb-1342-technical-paper-series”.

Revision as of 16:44, 20 November 2024

Quick info
Data type String
Scale String
Value labels employment sector or occupations
Technical name fam_mat_leave_cov_own
Category Family and gender policies
Label Coverage - Maternity
Related indicators

Aggregated de jure coverage of maternity program(s) (as categorical variable)


Coding rules

This variable standardizes the coding of coverage to enable cross-sectional as well as temporal comparisons. In cases where multiple parallel maternity leave programs exist, the coverage in the database is aggregated to give an overview of the paid maternity leave coverage within the nation-state.

Based on the classification of coverage in the ILO Maternity Protection Conventions (C003, C103, and C183), we matched all occupations and other types of categorical entitlement conditions to the four sectors used by the ILO: industrial, non-industrial, agricultural, and atypical. These employment sectors are chained together using a semicolon “;” and listed in alphabetical order, i.e. agricultural; industrial; non-industrial. If the maternity program covers only civil servants employees in public sector, it is coded as “none”.

If legal coverage is coded as “all employed” from the very first maternity protection program, it does not necessarily mean that the program actually covers the entire working population. It is often the case that countries did not recognize the necessity (or social right) of maternity protection for marginal groups, such as agricultural workers and those in atypical employment. In most countries, the term “atypical workers” only began to appear in social insurance legislation after the 1960s. Therefore, in the early years, when coverage is described as “all employed”, we coded it as covering “industrial, non-industrial, agricultural” sectors, unless there was explicit inclusion of specific occupational groups in the legislation.


1. Industrial sector:

(a) mines, quarries, and other works for the extraction of minerals from the earth

(b) industries in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleaned, repaired, ornamented, finished, adapted for sale, broken up or demolished, or in which materials are transformed; including shipbuilding and the generation, transformation, and transmission of electricity or motive power of any kind;

(c) construction, reconstruction, maintenance, repair, alteration, or demolition of any building, railway, tramway, harbour, dock, pier, canal, inland waterway, road, tunnel, bridge, viaduct, sewer, drain, well, telegraphic or telephonic installation, electrical undertaking, gas work, water work, or other work of construction, as well as the preparation for or laying the foundation of any such work or structure;

(d) transport of passengers or goods by road, rail, sea, or inland waterway, including the handling of goods at docks, quays, wharves, and warehouses, but excluding transport by hand.


2. Non-industrial sector:

(a) commercial establishments;

(b) postal and telecommunication services;

(c) establishments and administrative services in which the persons employed are mainly engaged in clerical work;

(d) newspaper undertakings;

(e) hotels, boarding houses, restaurants, clubs, cafes and other refreshment houses;

(f) establishments for the treatment and care of the sick, infirm or destitute and of orphans;

(g) theatres and places of public entertainment.


3. Agricultural sector:

occupations carried on in agricultural undertakings, including plantations and large-scale industrialized agricultural undertakings.


4. Atypical sector:

fixed term contracts, casual, contract, seasonal and part-time workers, homeworkers, piece workers, temporary agency workers, unorganized, informal employees and women in disguised self-employment.


Bibliographic info

Citation: Keonhi Son, Tobias Böger, Simone Tonelli, Petra Buhr, Sonja Drobnič, and Johannes Huinink, 2020, “Codebook of Historical Database on Maternity Leave (HDML)”, available at: “https://www.socialpolicydynamics.de/sfb-publikationen/sfb-1342-technical-paper-series”.


Related publications: Son, Keonhi; Böger, Tobias, 2021: The Inclusiveness of Maternity Leave Rights over 120 Years and across Five Continents, in: Social Inclusion, 9 (2), (forthcoming), doi:10.17645/si.v9i2.3785



Misc

Project manager(s): Keonhi Son, Tobias Böger, Simone Tonelli, Petra Buhr, Sonja Drobnič, and Johannes Huinink (A06)


Data release:
  • Version 0.001: Initial release


Revisions: No revisions yet

Sources

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