Edit IndicatorForm: Year of introduction of old-age pension program

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Scale*
Data type*	Numeric String Date
(Scale will change upon Data type select.)

Binary Multinomial Ordinal Metric

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None Date

Value labels*	Not applicable
Technical name*	(Note the naming convention for technical names.)
Category*
Label*	Old-age pension introduction of first federal law
Related indicators	<ul> <li>[[Design of old-age pension program]]</li> <li>[[Design of old-age pension program, second pillar]]</li> </ul>
Description*	This indicator refers to the year in which the first public old-age pension program/system has been passed by law. This date can differ from the date the old-age pension program actually came into force. Later amendments – such as the extension of coverage to further beneficiaries or the creation of additional pillars that rely on different financing sources – are regarded as reforms of such programs. Old-age protection comprises all kinds of contributory and non-contributory financed programs that target income transfers to people at retirement age. Old-age pension laws mostly comprise survivor's pensions to spouses and dependent children of deceased injured, too.
Coding rules	The first public old-age pension program/system of a country must meet two conditions. "First, access to old-age protection must either be defined as a right of citizenship or as a mandatory insurance duty" (Grünewald 2020: 5). Thus, voluntary old-age pension programs are not considered as first programs. Second, a first old-age pension program must at least cover one of the following ten occupational/social groups/sectors of the private sector or cover all citizens (Grünewald 2020: 5). These groups/sectors are defined as: 1) agriculture; 2) extractive and manufacturing industry; 3) commerce and finance; 4) students and apprentices; 5) domestic and family workers; 6) home workers; 7) employers; 8) self-employed; 9) temporary and seasonal workers; or 10) foreign workers (Grünewald 2020: 6).
Citation	Grünewald, Aline. 2020. "The historical origins of old-age pension schemes: Mapping global patterns." ''Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy'': 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.23 https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.23]
Related publications	<ul> <li>Grünewald, Aline. 2021. "From Benefits and Beneficiaries: The Historical Origins of Old-Age Pensions From a Political Regime Perspective." ''Comparative Political Studies'' 54 (8): 1424-1458. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414021989763 https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414021989763]</li> </ul>
Project manager(s)*	Aline Grünewald
Data release	<ul><li>Version 0.001: Initial release</li></ul>
Revisions	No revisions yet
Sources	* Bogenstabs, André. 2016. "Universal Old Age and Disability Pensions." https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/resource/universal-old-age-disability-pensions/ * Benin. 1973. "Ordonnance N° 73-3 du 17 Janvier 1973. Portant création et organisation de l'Office Béninois de Sécurité Sociale." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=15894 * Begum, S. and D. Wesumperuma. 2012. "Old Age Allowance Programme in Bangladesh: Challenges and Lessons" in S.W. Handayani and B. Babayanian (eds.) ''Social Protection for Older Persons: Social Pensions in Asia''. Manila, Asian Development Bank: 187-213. * Cambodia. 2002. "Law on Social Security Schemes for Persons defined by the Provisions of the Labour Law." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71910/96916/F1873020753/KHM71910.pdf * Chad. 1977. "Décret 77-207 1977-06-30 P-CSM/78. Décret Instituant un Régime de Pension Vieillesse, d'Invalidité et de Décès." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/9906/115446/F542451179/TCD-9906.pdf * Colombia. 1946. "Ley 90 de 1946. Por la cual se establece el seguro social obligatorio y se crea el Instituto Colombiano de Seguros Sociales." http://comisionseptimasenado.gov.co/Pensiones/pdf/1946%20LEY%200090.pdf * Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. 1963. "El Derecho a la Seguridad Social." http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Cuba83sp/capitulo11.htm * Doak, W. N. and Ethelbert Stewart. 1932. "Public Old-Age Pensions and Insurance in the United States and Foreign Countries." ''Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics'' 561: 1-207. * Dupate, Kristine. 2016. "The Constitutional Social Rights in Latvia." ''Studia z zakresu prawa pracy i polityki spolecznej'' 23: 125-140. * Germany. 1889. "Gesetz, betreffend die Invaliditäts-und Alterssicherung." ''Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt'' 1889 (13): 97-144. * Gerig, Daniel S. 1966. "Social Security in the New African Countries." ''Social Security Bulletin'' 29 (1): 29-41. * Haiti. 1965. "Décret du 8 Novembre 1965 Instituant l'Assurance-Vieillesse Obligatoire." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/52273/60665/F-1178575254/HTI-52273.pdf * ILO. 1960. "Rapport au Gouvernement de la République de Guinée sur La Sécurité Sociale. OIT/OTA/Guineée/R.1." ILO: Geneva. * ILO. 1965. "Rapport au Gouvernement de la République Centreafricaine sur l'Assurance-Pension". OIT/TAP/Centrafricaine/R.3." ILO: Geneva. * ILO. 1976. " Amiri Decree Law to promulgate Law No. 24 of 1976 on Social Insurance." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=7240 * ILO. 1985. "ILO Legislative Series." https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09607/ * ILO. 2016. "Universal Social Protection. Universal old-age pensions in Maldives". https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/RessourcePDF.action?id=53957 * Kim, Shinyoung. 2006. "Towards a better understanding of welfare policy development in developing nations: a case study of South Korea's pension system." ''International Journal of Social Welfare'' 15 (1): 75-83 * Lesotho. 2005. "Old Age Pension (Pensions) Regulations 2005." ''Government Gazette Extraordinary'' L (26): 243-247. * Liechtenstein. 1952. "Gesetz vom 14. Dezember 1952 über die Alters- und Hinterlassenenversicherung (AHVG)." ''Liechtensteinisches Landesgesetzblatt'' 1952 (29): 1-94. * Mexico. 1943. "Ley del Seguro Social." http://censoarchivos.mcu.es/CensoGui/archivodetail.htm?id=55354 * Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare. 1999. "Decree on Social Security System for Enterprise Employees". https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=57823&p_country=LAO&p_count=54 * Mozambique. 1989. "Lei n° 5/89 do 18 de Septembro". https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjTj_rX6N7uAhXQh1wKHdWpCKIQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnatlex%2Fdocs%2FELECTRONIC%2F21097%2F81672%2FF1457490713%2FMoz%2520ley%25205-%252089.doc&usg=AOvVaw1GGuDA2sZEa5jNrsvFO6G9 * Niger. 1967. "Décret N° 67-025." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=8549 * Organo Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guatemala, C.A.. 1946. "Ley Organica del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social." ''Diario de Centro América'' XLVII (83): 927-946. * Samoa. 1972. "National Provident Fund Act." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=90983&p_country=WSM&p_count=53 * Secure Livelihoods Consortium. 2014. "What does Nepal's Old Age Allowance mean for the elderly. Evidence from Rolpa." ''Briefing Paper'' 7: 1-14. * Senegal. 1975. "Statuts de l'Institution de Prevoyance Retraite du Sénégal." https://senegal.eregulations.org/media/statuts_ipres%20(1)%20(1)_1.pdf * Sierra Leone. 2001. "The National-Fund Social Security and Insurance Trust Act, 2001." ''Sierra Leone Gazette'' CXXXII (39): 1-31. * Spectator Archive. 1906. "The Austrian Pension Law." http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/7th-september-1907/14/the-austrian-pension-law * Thailand. 1990. "Social Security Act, B.E. 2533 (1990)." http://www.thailaws.com/ * Tuvalu. 1984. "Provident Fund Act (Cap.32.08)." https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/85533/95810/F44521826/TUV85533.pdf * USSSA. 1939-2019. "Social Security Programs Throughout the World." https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/ * USSSA. 1959. "Social Security in the Union in the Soviet Socialist Republics." ''Social Security Bulletin'' 22 (8): 3-7.

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