WeSISpedia - User contributions [en]

Election dummy lower legislative chamber

2021-04-12T08:12:29Z

Paul Bederke:

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_election_dummy
|category=Political factors
|label=Election: Dummy variable
|relatedindicators=
|description=Dichotomous indicator whether a 1st or "lower" chamber election was present in a given year. For 1880 to 2015 the Elections Global dataset (Döring & Düpont 2020) was used and for 2016 to 2019 the V-Party Dataset (Lührmann et al. 2020).
|codingrules=<ul>
<li>0: No</li>
<li>1: Yes</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>
Döring, Holger; Düpont, Nils, 2020, "Elections Global: Election results in 207 countries, 1880–2015", [https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OGOURC https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OGOURC], Harvard Dataverse, V2, UNF:6:S4WwU5o0q6UVi7vYLGHeHQ== [fileUNF]</li>
<li>
Lührmann, Anna, Nils Düpont, Masaaki Higashijima, Yaman Berker Kavasoglu, Kyle L. Marquardt, Michael Bernhard, Holger Döring, Allen Hicken, Melis Laebens, Staffan I. Lindberg, Juraj Medzihorsky, Anja Neundorf, Ora John Reuter, Saskia Ruth-Lovell, Keith R. Weghorst, Nina Wiesehomeier, JosephWright, Nazifa Alizada, Paul Bederke, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Johannes von Römer, Steven Wilson, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim. 2020. Varieties of Party Identity and Organization (V-Party) Dataset V1. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vpartydsv1 https://doi.org/10.23696/vpartydsv1]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>
Döring, Holger; Düpont, Nils, 2020, "Elections Global: Election results in 207 countries, 1880–2015", [https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OGOURC https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OGOURC], Harvard Dataverse, V2, UNF:6:S4WwU5o0q6UVi7vYLGHeHQ== [fileUNF]</li>
<li>
Lührmann, Anna, Nils Düpont, Masaaki Higashijima, Yaman Berker Kavasoglu, Kyle L. Marquardt, Michael Bernhard, Holger Döring, Allen Hicken, Melis Laebens, Staffan I. Lindberg, Juraj Medzihorsky, Anja Neundorf, Ora John Reuter, Saskia Ruth-Lovell, Keith R. Weghorst, Nina Wiesehomeier, JosephWright, Nazifa Alizada, Paul Bederke, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Johannes von Römer, Steven Wilson, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim. 2020. Varieties of Party Identity and Organization (V-Party) Dataset V1. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vpartydsv1 https://doi.org/10.23696/vpartydsv1]</li>
</ul>
}}

Political factors

2021-04-02T11:19:11Z

Paul Bederke:

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Indicator name*
! Subcategory I
! Subcategory II
! Subcategory III
! Technical name*
! Scale*
! Short description
|-
| [[Institutionalized Democracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_democ
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most democratic
|-
| [[Institutionalized Autocracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_autoc
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most autocratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score (Revised p4). Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity2
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Regime Durability. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_durable
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since regime score change > 2 points)
|-
| [[Number of Years Polity Has Persisted. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_persist
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since any regime score change*)
|-
| [[Regulation of Chief Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrreg
| Multinomial
| (1)unregulated (2)designational/transitional (3)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrcomp
| Multinomial
| (1)selection (2)dual/transitional (3)election
|-
| [[Openness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xropen
| Multinomial
| (1)closed (2)dual-designation (3)dual-election (4)open
|-
| [[Executive Constraints (Decision Rules). Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Checks and Balances
| polnat_polity_xconst
| Multinomial
| (1)unlimited authority, through, (7)executive party/subordination
|-
| [[Regulation of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parreg
| Ordinal
| (1)unregulated, through, (5)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parcomp
| Multinomial
| (0)not applicable, (1)repressed, through, (5)competitive
|-
| [[Executive Recruitment Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_exrec
| Multinomial
| 0 = suppressed / 10 = institutionalized electoral
|-
| [[Executive Constraints Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Check and Balances
| polnat_polity_exconst
| Multinomial
| identical to xconst
|-
| [[Political Competition Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_polcomp
| Multinomial
| 10 types, see Addendum C in Polity IV manual
|-
| [[Electoral democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, electoral dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Liberal democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, liberal dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Participatory democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, participatory dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Deliberative democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, deliberative dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Egalitarian democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_egaldem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, egalitarian dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Rule of law index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_ruleoflaw_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid level rule of law index (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
| Ordinal
| Classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
| Ordinal
| More granular classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Lower chamber female legislators]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of female legislators (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by gender]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by gender (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by socioeconomic position (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by social group]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by social group (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by sexual orientation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Barriers to parties]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
| Metric
| Barriers upon political party formation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party ban]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
| Metric
| Bans of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Opposition parties autonomy]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
| Metric
| Independence of opposition parties of the ruling regime (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party organizations]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
| Metric
| Permanent organizations of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Legislative party cohesion]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
| Metric
| Cohesion of voting of members of the legislature for important bills (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party competition across regions]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
| Metric
| Regional competition of major parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Domestic autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
| Metric
| Domestic autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[International autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
| Metric
| International autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State authority over territory]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of the territory the state effectively controls (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State fiscal source of revenue]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
| Ordinal
| Main source of revenue of the central government (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Independent states]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
| Binary
| Is the polity an independent state? (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election dummy]]
| Polity
| Elections
| Elections Global & V-Party
| polnat_polity_election_dummy
| Binary
| Election dummy
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (string)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem_str
| String
| String version of fourfold classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Political Constraints III]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconiii_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|-
| [[Political Constraints V]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconv_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|-
| [[Political corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Executive corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_exec_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption of the executive (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Public sector corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_publ_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption in the public sector (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regime corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_regime_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption of political actors (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election vote buying]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of vote and/or turnout buying (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities of members of the legislature (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_judi_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities in judicial decisions (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Name of Head of State (HoS)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_name
| String
| Name of the Head of State (HoS)
|-
| [[Party affiliation of the Head of State (HoS)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_party_english
| String
| Harmonized, english party name of the HoS party
|-
| [[Party Facts ID of HoS party]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_party_id
| Metric
| Harmonized party ID of the HoS party
|-
| [[Name of Head of Government (HoG)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_name
| String
| Name of the Head of Government (HoG)
|-
| [[Party affiliation of the Head of Government (HoG)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_party_english
| String
| Harmonized, english party name of the HoG party
|-
| [[Party Facts ID of HoG party]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_party_id
| Metric
| Harmonized party ID of the HoG party
|}

Election vote buying

2021-04-02T11:17:11Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Vote/turnout buying at national election
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
</ul>
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether there was evidence of vote and/or turnout buying at the focal election whereby "[v]ote and turnout buying refers to the distribution of money or gifts to individuals, families, or small groups in order to influence their decision to vote/not vote or whom to vote for. It does not include legislation targeted at specific constituencies, i.e., 'porkbarrel' legislation" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 65). Lower values indicate extensive vote and/or turnout buying, higher values suggest less corruption.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to intervall scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "In this national election, was there evidence of vote and/or turnout buying?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 65):
<ul>
<li>0: Yes. There was systematic, widespread, and almost nationwide vote/turnout buying by almost all parties and candidates.</li>
<li>1: Yes, some. There were non-systematic but rather common vote-buying efforts, even if only in some parts of the country or by one or a few parties.</li>
<li>2: Restricted. Money and/or personal gifts were distributed by parties or candidates but these offerings were more about meeting an ‘entry-ticket’ expectation and less about actual vote choice or turnout, even if a smaller number of individuals may also be persuaded.</li>
<li>3: Almost none. There was limited use of money and personal gifts, or these attempts were limited to a few small areas of the country. In all, they probably affected less than a few percent of voters.</li>
<li>4: None. There was no evidence of vote/turnout buying.</li>
</ul>
Data is available for election years only.
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Corrupt activities of members of legislature

2021-04-02T11:15:15Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Corrupt activities in legislature
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
</ul>
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether members of the legislature engage in corrupt activities e.g. "(a) accepting bribes, (b) helping to obtain government contracts for firms that the legislator (or his/her family/friends/political supporters) own, (c) doing favors for firms in exchange for the opportunity of employment after leaving the legislature, (d) stealing money from the state or from campaign donations for personal use" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 148). Lower values indicate extensive engagement in corrupt activities, higher values suggest less corruption.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to intervall scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Do members of the legislature abuse their position for financial gain?" and the ordinal wordings of the responses were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 148):
<ul>
<li>0: Commonly. Most legislators probably engage in these activities.</li>
<li>1: Often. Many legislators probably engage in these activities.</li>
<li>2: Sometimes. Some legislators probably engage in these activities.</li>
<li>3: Very occasionally. There may be a few legislators who engage in these activities but the vast majority do not.</li>
<li>4: Never, or hardly ever.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Political factors

2021-04-02T11:12:13Z

Paul Bederke:

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Indicator name*
! Subcategory I
! Subcategory II
! Subcategory III
! Technical name*
! Scale*
! Short description
|-
| [[Institutionalized Democracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_democ
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most democratic
|-
| [[Institutionalized Autocracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_autoc
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most autocratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score (Revised p4). Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity2
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Regime Durability. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_durable
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since regime score change > 2 points)
|-
| [[Number of Years Polity Has Persisted. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_persist
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since any regime score change*)
|-
| [[Regulation of Chief Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrreg
| Multinomial
| (1)unregulated (2)designational/transitional (3)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrcomp
| Multinomial
| (1)selection (2)dual/transitional (3)election
|-
| [[Openness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xropen
| Multinomial
| (1)closed (2)dual-designation (3)dual-election (4)open
|-
| [[Executive Constraints (Decision Rules). Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Checks and Balances
| polnat_polity_xconst
| Multinomial
| (1)unlimited authority, through, (7)executive party/subordination
|-
| [[Regulation of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parreg
| Ordinal
| (1)unregulated, through, (5)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parcomp
| Multinomial
| (0)not applicable, (1)repressed, through, (5)competitive
|-
| [[Executive Recruitment Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_exrec
| Multinomial
| 0 = suppressed / 10 = institutionalized electoral
|-
| [[Executive Constraints Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Check and Balances
| polnat_polity_exconst
| Multinomial
| identical to xconst
|-
| [[Political Competition Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_polcomp
| Multinomial
| 10 types, see Addendum C in Polity IV manual
|-
| [[Electoral democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, electoral dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Liberal democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, liberal dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Participatory democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, participatory dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Deliberative democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, deliberative dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Egalitarian democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_egaldem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, egalitarian dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Rule of law index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_ruleoflaw_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid level rule of law index (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
| Ordinal
| Classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
| Ordinal
| More granular classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Lower chamber female legislators]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of female legislators (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by gender]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by gender (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by socioeconomic position (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by social group]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by social group (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by sexual orientation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Barriers to parties]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
| Metric
| Barriers upon political party formation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party ban]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
| Metric
| Bans of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Opposition parties autonomy]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
| Metric
| Independence of opposition parties of the ruling regime (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party organizations]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
| Metric
| Permanent organizations of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Legislative party cohesion]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
| Metric
| Cohesion of voting of members of the legislature for important bills (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party competition across regions]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
| Metric
| Regional competition of major parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Domestic autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
| Metric
| Domestic autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[International autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
| Metric
| International autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State authority over territory]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of the territory the state effectively controls (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State fiscal source of revenue]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
| Ordinal
| Main source of revenue of the central government (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Independent states]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
| Binary
| Is the polity an independent state? (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election dummy]]
| Polity
| Elections
| Elections Global & V-Party
| polnat_polity_election_dummy
| Binary
| Election dummy
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (string)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem_str
| String
| String version of fourfold classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Political Constraints III]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconiii_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|-
| [[Political Constraints V]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconv_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|-
| [[Political corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Executive corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_exec_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption of the executive (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Public sector corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_publ_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption in the public sector (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regime corruption index]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_regime_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated mid-level index of corruption of political actors (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election vote buying]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| Elections
| polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of vote and/or turnout buying (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities of members of the legislature (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]
| Politics
| Corruption
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_corruption_judi_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities in judicial decisions (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Name of Head of State (HoS)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_name
| String
| Name of the Head of State (HoS)
|-
| [[Party affiliation of the Head of State (HoS)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_party_english
| String
| Harmonized, english party name of the HoS party
|-
| [[Party Facts ID of HoS party]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hos_party_id
| Metric
| Harmonized party ID of the HoS party
|-
| [[Name of Head of Government (HoG)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_name
| String
| Name of the Head of Government (HoG)
|-
| [[Party affiliation of the Head of Government (HoG)]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_party_english
| String
| Harmonized, english party name of the HoG party
|-
| [[Party Facts ID of HoG party]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
|
| polnat_hog_party_id
| Metric
| Harmonized party ID of the HoG party
|}

Egalitarian democracy index

2021-04-02T11:09:35Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{Indicator
|datatype = Numeric
|scale = Metric
|valuelabels = Not applicable
|techname = polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
|category = [[Political_factors|Political factors]]
|label = Deliberative democracy index
|relatedindicators =
<ul>
<li>[[Electoral democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Deliberative democracy index]]</li>
</ul>

|description =
The "Egalitarian democracy index" is part of V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
The "Egalitarian democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''egalitarian ''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
"The egalitarian component [...] encapsulates the ideal of power distributed equally
among all citizens regardless of class, ethnicity, sexual orientation or other social groups.
Assuming that material and immaterial inequalities inhibit the actual exercise of formal
rights and liberties, a more equal distribution of resources, education, and health across various
groups should also enhance political equality" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583).

|codingrules = The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators.
The index itself is "a BFA [Bayesian factor analysis] based on indicators of both equal power distribution and equal resource distribution (''v2x_egal'', based on 8 indicators)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.

| citation = Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]

|relatedpublications =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jan Teorell. 2015. "Measuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b5/b8/b5b8a046-eb68-4a24-8a1f-771c57e34d03/v-dem_working_paper_2015_6.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 6]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
<li>
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
</li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>

|projectmanagers = Nils Düpont (A01)

|datarelease =
<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>

|revisions =
<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>

|sources =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Deliberative democracy index

2021-04-02T11:08:40Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{Indicator
|datatype = Numeric
|scale = Metric
|valuelabels = Not applicable
|techname = polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
|category = [[Political_factors|Political factors]]
|label = Deliberative democracy index
|relatedindicators =
<ul>
<li>[[Electoral democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Egalitarian democracy index]]</li>
</ul>

|description =
The "Deliberative democracy index" is part of V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
The "Deliberative democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''deliberative''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
"The deliberative component enshrines the core value that political decisions in pursuit of the
public good should be informed by respectful and reasonable dialogue at all levels rather
than by emotional appeals, solidary attachments, parochial interests, or coercion" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583).

|codingrules = The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is "a BFA [Bayesian factor analysis] attempting to measure the extent to which political elites offer public justifications for their positions on matters of public policy, justify their positions in terms of the public good, acknowledge and respect counter-arguments; and how wide the range of consultation is at elite levels (''v2xdl_delib'', based on 5 indicators)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.

| citation = Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]

|relatedpublications =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jan Teorell. 2015. "Measuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b5/b8/b5b8a046-eb68-4a24-8a1f-771c57e34d03/v-dem_working_paper_2015_6.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 6]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
<li>
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
</li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>

|projectmanagers = Nils Düpont (A01)

|datarelease =
<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>

|revisions =
<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>

|sources =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Participatory democracy index

2021-04-02T11:07:23Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{Indicator
|datatype = Numeric
|scale = Metric
|valuelabels = Not applicable
|techname = polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
|category = [[Political_factors|Political factors]]
|label = Participatory democracy index
|relatedindicators =
<ul>
<li>[[Electoral democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Deliberative democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Egalitarian democracy index]]</li>
</ul>

|description =
The "Participatory democracy index" is part of V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
The "Participatory democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''participatory''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
"The participatory component embodies the values of direct rule and active participation
by citizens in all political processes: it emphasizes non-electoral forms of political participation
such as through civil society organizations and mechanisms of direct democracy" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583).

|codingrules = The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is "based on the mean value of (1) a BFA [Bayesian factor analysis] tapping into the extent of popular participation in civil society organizations (''v2x_cspart'', based on 4 indicators); (2) a derived index tapping the extent to which citizens engage in means of direct popular voting, i.e., initiatives, referenda and plebiscites (''v2xdd_dd'', based on 11 indicators); and (3) a derived index of the extent to which there are local and/or regional elections to nonsubordinate executive or legislative bodies (''v2xel_locelec'' and ''v2x_regelec'', based on 3 indicators each)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 583) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.

| citation = Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]

|relatedpublications =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jan Teorell. 2015. "Measuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b5/b8/b5b8a046-eb68-4a24-8a1f-771c57e34d03/v-dem_working_paper_2015_6.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 6]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
<li>
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
</li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>

|projectmanagers = Nils Düpont (A01)

|datarelease =
<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>

|revisions =
<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>

|sources =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Liberal democracy index

2021-04-02T11:06:02Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{Indicator
|datatype = Numeric
|scale = Metric
|valuelabels = Not applicable
|techname = polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
|category = [[Political_factors|Political factors]]
|label = Liberal democracy index
|relatedindicators =
<ul>
<li>[[Electoral democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Deliberative democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Egalitarian democracy index]]</li>
</ul>

|description =
The "Liberal democracy index" is part of V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
The "Liberal democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''liberal''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
"The liberal component of democracy embodies the intrinsic value of protecting individual and minority rights against potential 'tyranny of the majority' and state repression more generally. This is achieved through constitutionally protected civil liberties, a strong rule of law, and effective checks and balances that limit the use of executive power" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582).

|codingrules = The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is "the mean of three BFAs [Bayesian factor analyses] tapping into (1) equality before the law and individual liberty (''v2x_rol'', based on 14 indicators); (2) judicial constraints on the executive (''v2x_jucon'', based on 5 indicators); and (3) legislative constraints on the executive (''v2x_legcon'', based on 4 indicators)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582-3) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.

| citation = Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]

|relatedpublications =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jan Teorell. 2015. "Measuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b5/b8/b5b8a046-eb68-4a24-8a1f-771c57e34d03/v-dem_working_paper_2015_6.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 6]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
<li>
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
</li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>

|projectmanagers = Nils Düpont (A01)

|datarelease =
<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>

|revisions =
<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>

|sources =
<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Electoral democracy index

2021-03-31T17:42:46Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Electoral democracy index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Liberal democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Participatory democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Deliberative democracy index]]</li>
<li>[[Egalitarian democracy index]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Electoral democracy index" is one of five V-Dem's high level democracy indices capturing features of democracy at the most abstract level.
The "Electoral democracy index" in particular captures to what extent the ideal of '''electoral''' democracy is achieved. It ranges from low (0) to high (1).

Conceptually, it is defined as follows:
"The electoral component of democracy embodies the core value of making rulers responsive
to citizens through competition for the approval of a broad electorate during periodic
elections. We have opted to capture Dahl's (1998) concept of polyarchy, which identifies the
following political institutions as constitutive of modern representative democracy: (1)
elected officials; (2) free, fair and frequent elections; (3) freedom of expression and alternative
sources of information; (4) associational autonomy; and (5) inclusive citizenship (universal
suffrage)" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itsels is derived from "the elected executive index (''v2x_accex'', based on 12 indicators), the clean elections index (''v2xel_frefair'', based on 8 indicators), the freedom of expression index (''v2x_freexp_thick'', based on 9 indicators, including 3 for alternative sources of information), the freedom of association index (''v2x_frassoc_thick'', based on 6 indicators), and the suffrage indicator (''v2x_suffr''). All indices range from 0 to 1, and all except that on elected executive (which is a derived construct) are based on point predictions from Bayesian factor analyses (BFA) that all support unidimensionality" (Coppedge et al. 2016, 582) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].

For the exact index aggregation formula see Coppedge et al. 2021, Appendix A.
|citation=Coppedge, Michael, Staffan Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell. 2016. "Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data". ''International Political Science Review'' 37 (2): 580-593. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115622046]
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Dahl, Robert A. 1998. ''On Democracy''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
</li>
<li>
Teorell, Jan, Michael Coppedge, Staffan Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2019. "Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017". ''Studies in Comparative International Development'' 54 (1): 71–95. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z]
</li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Rule of law index

2021-03-31T17:40:49Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_ruleoflaw_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Rule of law index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Rule of law index" is a V-Dem mid-level index capturing to what extent laws are "transparently, independently, predictably, impartially, and equally enforced, and to what extent [...] the actions of government officials comply with the law" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 299). It ranges from low (0) to high (1).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself "is formed by taking the point estimates from a Bayesian factor analysis model of the indicators for compliance with high court (''v2juhccomp''), compliance with judiciary (''v2jucomp''), high court independence (''v2juhcind''), lower court independence (''v2juncind''), executive respects constitution (''v2exrescon''), rigorous and impartial public administration (''v2clrspct''), transparent laws with predictable enforcement (''v2cltrnslw''), access to justice for men (''v2clacjstm''), access to justice for women (''v2clacjstw''), judicial accountability (''v2juaccnt''), judicial corruption decision (''v2jucorrdc''), public sector corrupt exchanges (''v2excrptps''), public sector theft (''v2exthftps''), executive bribery and corrupt exchanges (''v2exbribe''), executive embezzlement and theft (''v2exembez'')" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 299) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Corrupt activities in judicial decisions

2021-03-31T17:39:54Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_corruption_judi_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Corrupt activities in legislature
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
</ul>
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether judicial decisions are subject to corrupt activities. Lower values indicate extensive engagement in corrupt activities, higher values suggest less corruption.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to intervall scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "How often do individuals or businesses make undocumented extra payments or bribes in order to speed up or delay the process or to obtain a favorable judicial decision?" and the ordinal wordings of the repsonses were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 166):
<ul>
<li>0: Always.</li>
<li>1: Usually.</li>
<li>2: About half of the time.</li>
<li>3: Not usually.</li>
<li>4: Never.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Regime corruption index

2021-03-31T17:37:58Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_corruption_regime_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Regime corruption
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Regime corruption index" is a V-Dem mid-level index focusing on several types of corruption among those who occupy political offices. It ranges from low (0) to high (1) with lower values indicating less corruption.

Conceptually, the index "includes indicators measuring the extent of executive embezzlement, executive bribery, legislative corruption and judicial corruption" while excluding "measures of public sector corruption since, in many cases, public sector workers may not be directly
linked to those elected or appointed to office" (Sigman and Lindberg 2017, 7). Other than the [[Political corruption index]], it "focuses on a more specific set of actors – those who occupy political offices - and a more specific set of corrupt acts that relate more closely to the conceptualization of corruption in literature on neopatrimonial rule" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 292).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself takes "the reversed point estimates (so that higher scores
= more regime corruption) from a Bayesian factor analysis model of the indicators for executive executive embezzlement (''v2exembez''), executive bribes (''v2exbribe''), legislative corruption (''v2xlgcrrpt'') and judicial corruption (''v2jucorrdc'')" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 292) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=Sigman, Rachel and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2017. "Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/14/8f/148fbc10-247c-47a1-a4c5-e506aae2dee4/v-dem_working_paper_2017_56.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 56]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Public sector corruption index

2021-03-31T17:36:12Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_corruption_publ_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Public sector corruption index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Public sector corruption index" is a V-Dem mid-level index focusing on several types of corruption in the public sector. It ranges from low (0) to high (1) with lower values indicating less corruption.

Conceptually, the index captures the extent to which public sector employees routinely "grant favors in exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements" and how often "they steal, embezzle, or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use" (Coppedge et al. 2021, 297).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is the average of two indicators, namely "public sector bribery (''v2excrptps'') and embezzlement (''v2exthftps'')" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 297) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=McMann, Kelly, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Jan Teorell, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2016. "Strategies of Validation: Assessing the Varieties of Democracy Corruption Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/aa/1c/aa1c7a54-db15-4d80-ae9f-075cf478957d/v-dem_working_paper_2016_23.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 23]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Executive corruption index

2021-03-31T17:35:01Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_corruption_exec_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Executive corruption index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Executive corruption index" is a V-Dem mid-level index focusing on several types of corruption across the executive. It ranges from low (0) to high (1) with lower values indicating less corruption.

Conceptually, the index captures the extent to which members of the executive or their agents routinely "grant favors in exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements" and how often "they steal, embezzle, or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 297).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is the average of two indicators, namely "executive bribery (''v2exbribe'') and executive embezzlement (''v2exembez'')" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 297) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=McMann, Kelly, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Jan Teorell, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2016. "Strategies of Validation: Assessing the Varieties of Democracy Corruption Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/aa/1c/aa1c7a54-db15-4d80-ae9f-075cf478957d/v-dem_working_paper_2016_23.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 23]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Political corruption index

2021-03-31T17:33:53Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_corruption_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political corruption index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Executive corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]</li>
<li>[[Election vote buying]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Political corruption index" is a V-Dem mid-level index capturing several types of corruption across different areas and levels of the political realm. It ranges from low (0) to high (1) with lower values indicating less corruption.

Conceptually, the corruption index "includes measures of six distinct types of corruption that cover both different areas and levels of the polity realm, distinguishing between executive, legislative and judicial corruption. Within the executive realm, the measures also distinguish between corruption mostly pertaining to bribery and corruption due to embezzlement. Finally, they differentiate between corruption in the highest echelons of the executive at the level of the rulers/cabinet on the one hand, and in the public sector at large on the other. The measures thus tap into several distinguished types of corruption: both 'petty' and 'grand'; both bribery and theft; both corruption aimed and influencing law making and that affecting implementation" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 296).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself is "the average of (a) public sector corruption index
(''v2x_pubcorr''); (b) executive corruption index (''v2x_execorr''); (c) the indicator for legislative corruption (''v2lgcrrpt''); and (d) the indicator for judicial corruption (''v2jucorrdc'')" (Coppedge et al. 2020, 279) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=McMann, Kelly, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Jan Teorell, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2016. "Strategies of Validation: Assessing the Varieties of Democracy Corruption Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/aa/1c/aa1c7a54-db15-4d80-ae9f-075cf478957d/v-dem_working_paper_2016_23.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 23]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

Independent states

2021-03-31T17:30:25Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: Independent states
|relatedindicators=
|description=Dichotomous indicator whether a polity is an independent state. It's built up on the coding of independent states by Gleditsch and Ward’s (1999).
|codingrules=<ul>
<li>0: No</li>
<li>1: Yes</li>
</ul>

For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2021b, 191).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

State fiscal source of revenue

2021-03-31T17:29:32Z

Paul Bederke:

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: State fiscal
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings on the main source of revenue of the central government to finance its activities.
|codingrules=Experts were asked "On which of the following sources of revenue does the central government primarily rely to finance its activities?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 188):
<ul>
<li>0: The state is not capable of raising revenue to finance itself.</li>
<li>1: The state primarily relies on external sources of funding (loans and foreign aid) to finance its activities.</li>
<li>2: The state primarily relies on directly controlling economic assets (natural resource rents,
public monopolies, and the expropriation of assets within and outside the country) to finance its activities.</li>
<li>3: The state primarily relies on taxes on property (land taxes) and trade (customs duties).</li>
<li>4: The state primarily relies on taxes on economic transactions (such as sales taxes) and/or taxes on income, corporate profits and capital.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21].</li>
</ul>
}}

State fiscal source of revenue

2021-03-31T17:28:40Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

State authority over territory

2021-03-31T17:27:33Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: State territory
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert assessment of the percentage of the territory the state effectively controls.
|codingrules=For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2021b, 188).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
<ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

International autonomy

2021-03-31T17:26:30Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: International autonomy
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether a state is autonomous from the control of other states in conducting its foreign policy. Lower values indicate that a state is less autonomous, higher values suggest stronger autonomous from other states.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is the state autonomous from the control of other states with respect to the conduct of domestic policy?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 187):
<ul>
<li>0: Non-autonomous. Foreign policy is controlled by an external power, either de facto or de jure. The most common examples of this are colonial rule and military occupation (e.g. quadripartite occupation of Germany in 1945). Situations in which domestic actors provide de jure cover for de facto control by a foreign power should not be construed as semi-autonomy (e.g. Vichy France). Governments in exile that control underground forces waging unconventional warfare are not considered as mitigating an occupation regime (e.g. countries under German occupation during WWII).</li>
<li>1: Semi-autonomous. An external political actor directly constrains the ability of domestic actors to pursue an independent foreign policy course in some important areas. This may be the product of explicit treaty provisions or well-understood rules of the game from which the subject state cannot withdraw. Examples would include Soviet strictures over rule in so-called "satellite" states in Eastern Europe, and explicitly negotiated postwar settlements (e.g. Austria following WWII).</li>
<li>2: Autonomous. Domestic political actors exercise foreign policy free of the direct control of external political actors. Direct control is meant to exclude the exercise of constraint or the impact of interdependence in the international system. Treaties in which states concede some part of that control to a supra- or international organization voluntarily, and from which there is a possibility of exit should not be interpreted as a violation of autonomy.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Domestic autonomy

2021-03-31T17:24:43Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: Domestic autonomy
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether a state is autonomous from the control of other states in conducting its domestic policy. Lower values indicate that a state is less autonomous, higher values suggest stronger autonomous from other states.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is the state autonomous from the control of other states with respect to the conduct of domestic policy?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 187):
<ul>
<li>0: Non-autonomous. National level authority is exercised by an external power, either by law or in practice. The most common examples of this are direct colonial rule and military occupation (e.g. quadripartite occupation of Germany in 1945). It also includes situations in which domestic actors provide de jure cover for de facto control by a foreign power (e.g. Vichy France). However, control of some part of the territory of a state by an enemy during war is not considered control by external actors if the sovereign government remains on scene and continues to wage conventional war (e.g., the USSR during WW II).</li>
<li>1: Semi-autonomous. An external political actor directly constrains the ability of domestic actors to rule, decides who can or cannot rule through formal rules or informal understandings, or precludes certain policies through explicit treaty provisions or well-understood rules of the game from which the subject state cannot withdraw. Examples include Soviet "satellite" states in Eastern Europe, and situations where colonial powers grant limited powers of national selfgovernment to their possessions (e.g., protectorates and limited home government).</li>
<li>2: Autonomous. Domestic political actors exercise political authority free of the direct control of external political actors.</li>
</ul>

Not included are "restrictions emanating from [freely negotiated] treaties (e.g., NATO), international organizations (e.g., the WTO), or confederations (e.g., the European Union)" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 186).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Party competition across regions

2021-03-31T17:23:29Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Competition across regions
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Barriers to parties]]</li>
<li>[[Party ban]]</li>
<li>[[Opposition parties autonomy]]</li>
<li>[[Party organizations]]</li>
<li>[[Legislative party cohesion]]</li>
</ul>
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether major political parties are competitive in different regions of the country. Lower values indicate competition in less regions, higher values suggest competition in more regions.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Which of the following best describes the nature of electoral support for major parties (those gaining over 10 % of the vote)?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 95):
<ul>
<li>0: Most major parties are competitive in only one or two regions of the country, i.e., their support is heavily concentrated in a few areas.</li>
<li>1: Most major parties are competitive in some regions of the country, but not in others.</li>
<li>2: Most major parties are competitive in most regions of the country.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Legislative party cohesion

2021-03-31T17:22:21Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Legislative party cohesion
|relatedindicators=[[Barriers to parties]]

[[Party ban]]

[[Opposition parties autonomy]]

[[Party organizations]]

[[Party competition across regions]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether members of the legislature vote normally as other members of their party. Lower values indicate less cohesion, higher values suggest stronger cohesion.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is it normal for members of the legislature to vote with other members of their party on important bills?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 95):
<ul>
<li>0: Not really. Many members are elected as independents and party discipline is very weak.</li>
<li>1: More often than not. Members are more likely to vote with their parties than against them, but defections are common.</li>
<li>2: Mostly. Members vote with their parties most of the time.</li>
<li>3: Yes, absolutely. Members vote with their parties almost all the time.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Party organizations

2021-03-31T17:21:06Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Organizations
|relatedindicators=[[Barriers to parties]]

[[Party ban]]

[[Opposition parties autonomy]]

[[Legislative party cohesion]]

[[Party competition across regions]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings "how many political parties for national-level office have permanent organizations" (Coppedege et al. 2020b, 92). Lower values indicate fewer parties, higher values suggest more parties have permanent organizations.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "How many political parties for national-level office have permanent organizations?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 93):
<ul>
<li>0: No parties.</li>
<li>1: Fewer than half of the parties.</li>
<li>2: About half of the parties.</li>
<li>3: More than half of the parties.</li>
<li>4: All parties.</li>
</ul>

"A permanent organization connotes a substantial number of personnel who are responsible
for carrying out party activities outside of the election season." (Coppedge et al. 2020b, 93)
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Opposition parties autonomy

2021-03-31T17:20:10Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Opposition parties autonomy
|relatedindicators=[[Barriers to parties]]

[[Party ban]]

[[Party organizations]]

[[Legislative party cohesion]]

[[Party competition across regions]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether opposition parties are autonomous of the ruling regime. Lower values indicate greater dependency, higher values suggest greater independence of opposition parties.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Are opposition parties independent and autonomous of the ruling regime?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 92):
<ul>
<li>0: Opposition parties are not allowed.</li>
<li>1: There are no autonomous, independent opposition parties. Opposition parties are either selected or co-opted by the ruling regime.</li>
<li>2: At least some opposition parties are autonomous and independent of the ruling regime.</li>
<li>3: Most significant opposition parties are autonomous and independent of the ruling regime.</li>
<li>4: All opposition parties are autonomous and independent of the ruling regime.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Party ban

2021-03-31T17:19:11Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Bans
|relatedindicators=[[Barriers to parties]]

[[Opposition parties autonomy]]

[[Party organizations]]

[[Legislative party cohesion]]

[[Party competition across regions]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether any political parties are banned. Lower values indicate more parties are banned, higher values suggest less parties banned.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Are any parties banned?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 92):
<ul>
<li>0: Yes. All parties except the state-sponsored party (and closely allied parties) are banned.</li>
<li>1: Yes. Elections are non-partisan or there are no officially recognized parties.</li>
<li>2: Yes. Many parties are banned.</li>
<li>3: Yes. But only a few parties are banned.</li>
<li>4: No. No parties are officially banned.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Barriers to parties

2021-03-31T17:18:10Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Parties: Barriers
|relatedindicators=[[Party ban]]

[[Opposition parties autonomy]]

[[Party organizations]]

[[Legislative party cohesion]]

[[Party competition across regions]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether political parties are facing any barriers upon their formation. Lower values indicate more barriers, higher values suggest less barriers.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "How restrictive are the barriers to forming a party?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 91):
<ul>
<li>0: Parties are not allowed.</li>
<li>1: It is impossible, or virtually impossible, for parties not affiliated with the government to form (legally).</li>
<li>2: There are significant obstacles (e.g. party leaders face high levels of regular political harassment by authorities).</li>
<li>3: There are modest barriers (e.g. party leaders face occasional political harassment by authorities).</li>
<li>4: There are no substantial barriers.</li>
</ul>

Barriers are defined as "legal requirements such as requirements for membership or financial deposits, as well as harassment".
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Power distributed by sexual orientation

2021-03-31T17:16:57Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Power: Distribution by sexual orientation
|relatedindicators=[[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]

[[Power distributed by social group]]

[[Power distributed by gender]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether political power was equally distributed between heterosexuals and lesbian, gay, bisexual,and transgender (LGBT) members. Lower values indicate power distribution in favor of heterosexuals, higher values suggest equal distribution of power.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "To what extent is political power distributed according to sexual orientation?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 206):
<ul>
<li>0: LGBTs are entirely excluded from the public sphere and thus deprived of any real political power (even though they may possess formal powers such as the ballot).</li>
<li>1: LGBTs have much less political power than heterosexuals. LGBTs enjoy formal rights to participate in politics but are subject to informal norms that often serve to exclude them from the halls of power.</li>
<li>2: LGBTs have somewhat less political power than heterosexual citizens.</li>
<li>3: LGBTs have about the same political power as heterosexuals. Each group enjoys a degree of political power that is roughly proportional to their population.</li>
<li>4: LGBTs enjoy somewhat more political power than heterosexuals by virtue of greater wealth, education, and high level of organization and mobilization.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Power distributed by social group

2021-03-31T17:15:24Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Power: Distribution by social group
|relatedindicators=[[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]

[[Power distributed by gender]]

[[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether political power was equally distributed between social groups. Lower values indicate power distribution in favor of one social group, higher values suggest equal distribution of power.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is political power distributed according to social groups?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 205):
<ul>
<li>0: Political power is monopolized by one social group comprising a minority of the population. This monopoly is institutionalized, i.e., not subject to frequent change.</li>
<li>1: Political power is monopolized by several social groups comprising a minority of the population. This monopoly is institutionalized, i.e., not subject to frequent change.</li>
<li>2: Political power is monopolized by several social groups comprising a majority of the population.
This monopoly is institutionalized, i.e., not subject to frequent change.</li>
<li>3: Either all social groups possess some political power, with some groups having more power than others; or different social groups alternate in power, with one group controlling much of the political power for a period of time, followed by another — but all significant groups have a turn at the seat of power.</li>
<li>4: All social groups have roughly equal political power or there are no strong ethnic, caste, linguistic, racial, religious, or regional differences to speak of. Social group characteristics are not relevant to politics.</li>
</ul>

A social group is defined as "caste, ethnicity, language, race, region, religion, or some combination thereof" and does explicitly not include sexual orientation or socioeconomic status.
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Power distributed by socioeconomic position

2021-03-31T17:14:01Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Power: Distribution by socioeconomic position
|relatedindicators=[[Power distributed by social group]]

[[Power distributed by gender]]

[[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether political power was equally distributed between wealthy, average and poorer people. Lower values indicate power distribution in favor of wealthy people, higher values suggest equal distribution of power.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is political power distributed according to socioeconomic position?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 204):
<ul>
<li>0:Wealthy people enjoy a virtual monopoly on political power. Average and poorer people have almost no influence.</li>
<li>1: Wealthy people enjoy a dominant hold on political power. People of average income have little say. Poorer people have essentially no influence.</li>
<li>2: Wealthy people have a very strong hold on political power. People of average or poorer income have some degree of influence but only on issues that matter less for wealthy people.</li>
<li>3: Wealthy people have more political power than others. But people of average income have almost as much influence and poor people also have a significant degree of political power.</li>
<li>4: Wealthy people have no more political power than those whose economic status is average or poor. Political power is more or less equally distributed across economic groups.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Power distributed by gender

2021-03-31T17:11:23Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Power: Distribution by gender
|relatedindicators=[[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]

[[Power distributed by social group]]

[[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether political power was equally distributed between men and women. Lower values indicate power distribution in favor of men, higher values suggest equal distribution of power.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). Experts were asked "Is political power distributed according to gender?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 205):
<ul>
<li>0: Men have a near-monopoly on political power.</li>
<li>1: Men have a dominant hold on political power. Women have only marginal influence.</li>
<li>2: Men have much more political power but women have some areas of influence.</li>
<li>3: Men have somewhat more political power than women.</li>
<li>4: Men and women have roughly equal political power.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Lower chamber female legislators

2021-03-31T17:09:33Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Legislature: Lower chamber female legislators
|relatedindicators=
|description=The indicator contains "what percentage (%) of the lower (or unicameral) chamber of the legislature is female".
|codingrules=For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2021b, 156).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Regimes of the world index (10 categories)

2021-03-31T17:08:00Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|valuelabels=<ul>
<li>0 = Closed autocracy</li>
<li>1 = Closed autocracy (upper bound)</li>
<li>2 = Electoral autocracy (lower bound)</li>
<li>3 = Electoral autocracy</li>
<li>4 = Electoral autocracy (upper bound)</li>
<li>5 = Electoral democracy (lower bound)</li>
<li>6 = Electoral democracy</li>
<li>7 = Electoral democracy (upper bound)</li>
<li>8 = Liberal democracy (lower bound)</li>
<li>9 = Liberal democracy</li>
</ul>
|techname=polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Regimes of the world index (10 categories)
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]</li>
</ul>
|description=V-Dem's "Regimes of the world index" classifies political regimes on an ordinal scale ranging from closed autocracy (0) to liberal democracy (9). It is related to [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]] but accounts for ambigous cases taking the upper and lower bounds of the point estimates into account.

Conceptually, the four main types are defined as follows (Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 63):
<ul>
<li>Closed autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; ''De-jure'' multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, or liberal principles not satisfied"</li>
<li>Liberal democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, and liberal principles satisfied"</li>
</ul>
|codingrules=The classification is based on several components and high level democracy indices which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2019). For the index aggregation formula and cut-off points see Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 64 (also Coppedge et al. 2021b, 284). The ten categories are defined as follows:
<ul>
<li>0: Closed autocracy</li>
<li>1: Closed autocracy upper bound: Same as closed autocracy, but the confidence intervals of the multiparty election indicators overlap the level of electoral autocracies.</li>
<li>2: Electoral autocracy lower bound: Same as electoral autocracy, but the confidence intervals of one or both of the multiparty election indicators overlap the level of closed autocracies.</li>
<li>3: Electoral autocracy</li>
<li>4: Electoral autocracy upper bound: Same as electoral autocracy, but the upper bounds of the confidence intervals of the indicators for free and fair and multiparty elections and the Electoral Democracy Index overlap the level of electoral democracies.</li>
<li>5: Electoral democracy lower bound: Same as electoral democracy, but the lower bounds of the confidence intervals of the indicators for free and fair, or multiparty or the Electoral Democracy Index overlap the level of electoral autocracies.</li>
<li>6: Electoral democracy</li>
<li>7: Electoral democracy upper bound: Same as electoral democracy, but the confidence intervals of the indicators for access to justice, and transparent law enforcement, and the liberal component index overlap the level of liberal democracies.</li>
<li>8: Liberal democracy lower bound: Same as liberal democracy, but the confidence intervals of the indicators for access to justice, and transparent law enforcement, and the liberal component index reaches the level of electoral democracies.</li>
<li>9: Liberal democracy</li>
</ul>
|citation=Lührmann, Anna, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2018. "Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes." ''Politics and Governance'' 6 (1): 60–77. [https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214 https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214]
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v10 on June 10, 2020</li>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Note that V-Dem with v10 merged the historical codings and the contemporary ones. This may result in deviations between the different versions of the indicator, especially for the time period 1900-1920. For more details refer to their codebook.</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Regimes of the world index (4 categories)

2021-03-31T17:06:30Z

Paul Bederke:

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|valuelabels=<ul>
<li>0 = Closed autocracy</li>
<li>1 = Electoral autocracy</li>
<li>2 = Electoral democracy</li>
<li>3 = Liberal democracy</li>
</ul>
|techname=polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Regimes of the world index (4 categories)
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]</li>
</ul>
|description=V-Dem's "Regimes of the world index" classifies political regimes on an ordinal scale ranging from closed autocracy (0) to liberal democracy (3).

Conceptually, the four regime types are defined as follows (Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 63):
<ul>
<li>Closed autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; ''De-jure'' multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, or liberal principles not satisfied"</li>
<li>Liberal democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, and liberal principles satisfied"</li>
</ul>
|codingrules=The classification is based on several components and high level democracy indices which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). For the index aggregation formula and cut-off points see Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 64 (also Coppedge et al. 2021b, 283).
|citation=Lührmann, Anna, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2018. "Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes." ''Politics and Governance'' 6 (1): 60–77. [https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214 https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214]
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v10 on June 10, 2020</li>
<li>Added missing data for Somaliland and Hong Kong from V-Dem release v10 on November 22, 2020</li>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Note that V-Dem with v10 merged the historical codings and the contemporary ones. This may result in deviations between the different versions of the indicator, especially for the time period 1900-1920. For more details refer to their codebook.</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Regimes of the world index (4 categories)

2021-03-31T17:05:22Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|valuelabels=<ul>
<li>0 = Closed autocracy</li>
<li>1 = Electoral autocracy</li>
<li>2 = Electoral democracy</li>
<li>3 = Liberal democracy</li>
</ul>
|techname=polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Regimes of the world index (4 categories)
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]</li>
</ul>
|description=V-Dem's "Regimes of the world index" classifies political regimes on an ordinal scale ranging from closed autocracy (0) to liberal democracy (3).

Conceptually, the four regime types are defined as follows (Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 63):
<ul>
<li>Closed autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral autocracy: "No ''de-facto'' multiparty, or free and fair elections, or Dahl’s institutional prerequisites not minimally fulfilled; ''De-jure'' multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature"</li>
<li>Electoral democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, or liberal principles not satisfied"</li>
<li>Liberal democracy: "''De-facto'' multiparty, free and fair elections, and Dahl’s institutional prerequisites minimally fulfilled; The rule of law, and liberal principles satisfied"</li>
</ul>
|codingrules=The classification is based on several components and high level democracy indices which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021). For the index aggregation formula and cut-off points see Lührmann, Tannenberg, and Lindberg 2018, 64 (also Coppedge et al. 2019, 254; Coppedge et al. 2021b, 283).
|citation=Lührmann, Anna, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2018. "Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes." ''Politics and Governance'' 6 (1): 60–77. [https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214 https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214]
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v10 on June 10, 2020</li>
<li>Added missing data for Somaliland and Hong Kong from V-Dem release v10 on November 22, 2020</li>
<li>Indicator updated with new data based on V-Dem release v11.1 on March 31, 2021</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Note that V-Dem with v10 merged the historical codings and the contemporary ones. This may result in deviations between the different versions of the indicator, especially for the time period 1900-1920. For more details refer to their codebook.</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Rule of law index

2021-03-31T16:58:41Z

Paul Bederke:

Rule of law index

2021-03-31T16:56:13Z

Paul Bederke: Update to V-Dem v11.1

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_ruleoflaw_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Rule of law index
|relatedindicators=<ul>
<li>[[Political corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Public sector corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Regime corruption index]]</li>
<li>[[Corrupt activities in judicial decisions]]</li>
</ul>
|description=The "Rule of law index" is a V-Dem mid-level index capturing to what extent laws are "transparently, independently, predictably, impartially, and equally enforced, and to what extent [...] the actions of government officials comply with the law" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 299). It ranges from low (0) to high (1).
|codingrules=The index is composed of several components and lower-level indices applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2021) which in turn are indices built from a number of indicators. The index itself "is formed by taking the point estimates from a Bayesian factor analysis model of the indicators for compliance with high court (''v2juhccomp''), compliance with judiciary (''v2jucomp''), high court independence (''v2juhcind''), lower court independence (''v2juncind''), executive respects constitution (''v2exrescon''), rigorous and impartial public administration (''v2clrspct''), transparent laws with predictable enforcement (''v2cltrnslw''), access to justice for men (''v2clacjstm''), access to justice for women (''v2clacjstw''), judicial accountability (''v2juaccnt''), judicial corruption decision (''v2jucorrdc''), public sector corrupt exchanges (''v2excrptps''), public sector theft (''v2exthftps''), executive bribery and corrupt exchanges (''v2exbribe''), executive embezzlement and theft (''v2exembez'')" (Coppedge et al. 2021b, 299) [emphasis in original; note that variable names in italics refer to V-Dem's nomenclature in their dataset, not in WeSIS].
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021b.
"[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-material-v11/ V-Dem Codebook v11.1]" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. </li>
<li>
Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2021. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/d4/d2/d4d27532-96a7-4f8c-8028-4c356fb1b2ca/wp_21_6th_edition.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 6th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01)
|datarelease=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|revisions=<ul>
<li>Not yet applicable</li>
</ul>
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21]./li>
</ul>
}}

Political factors

2021-01-26T19:54:01Z

Paul Bederke: Add POLCON

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Indicator name*
! Subcategory I
! Subcategory II
! Subcategory III
! Technical name*
! Scale*
! Short description
|-
| [[Institutionalized Democracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_democ
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most democratic
|-
| [[Institutionalized Autocracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_autoc
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most autocratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score (Revised p4). Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity2
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Regime Durability. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_durable
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since regime score change > 2 points)
|-
| [[Number of Years Polity Has Persisted. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_persist
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since any regime score change*)
|-
| [[Regulation of Chief Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrreg
| Multinomial
| (1)unregulated (2)designational/transitional (3)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrcomp
| Multinomial
| (1)selection (2)dual/transitional (3)election
|-
| [[Openness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xropen
| Multinomial
| (1)closed (2)dual-designation (3)dual-election (4)open
|-
| [[Executive Constraints (Decision Rules). Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Checks and Balances
| polnat_polity_xconst
| Multinomial
| (1)unlimited authority, through, (7)executive party/subordination
|-
| [[Regulation of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parreg
| Ordinal
| (1)unregulated, through, (5)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parcomp
| Multinomial
| (0)not applicable, (1)repressed, through, (5)competitive
|-
| [[Executive Recruitment Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_exrec
| Multinomial
| 0 = suppressed / 10 = institutionalized electoral
|-
| [[Executive Constraints Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Check and Balances
| polnat_polity_exconst
| Multinomial
| identical to xconst
|-
| [[Political Competition Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_polcomp
| Multinomial
| 10 types, see Addendum C in Polity IV manual
|-
| [[Electoral democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, electoral dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Liberal democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, liberal dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Participatory democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, participatory dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Deliberative democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, deliberative dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Egalitarian democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_egaldem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, egalitarian dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
| Ordinal
| Classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
| Ordinal
| More granular classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election vote buying]]
| Politics
| Elections
| Corruption
| polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of vote and/or turnout buying (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| Corruption
| polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities of members of the legislature (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Lower chamber female legislators]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of female legislators (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by gender]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by gender (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by socioeconomic position (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by social group]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by social group (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by sexual orientation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Barriers to parties]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
| Metric
| Barriers upon political party formation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party ban]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
| Metric
| Bans of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Opposition parties autonomy]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
| Metric
| Independence of opposition parties of the ruling regime (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party organizations]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
| Metric
| Permanent organizations of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Legislative party cohesion]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
| Metric
| Cohesion of voting of members of the legislature for important bills (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party competition across regions]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
| Metric
| Regional competition of major parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Domestic autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
| Metric
| Domestic autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[International autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
| Metric
| International autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State authority over territory]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of the territory the state effectively controls (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State fiscal source of revenue]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
| Ordinal
| Main source of revenue of the central government (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Independent states]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
| Binary
| Is the polity an independent state? (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election dummy]]
| Polity
| Elections
| Elections Global & V-Party
| polnat_polity_election_dummy
| Binary
| Election dummy
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (string)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem_str
| String
| String version of fourfold classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Political Constraints III]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconiii_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|-
| [[Political Constraints V]]
| Polity
| Policy change
| POLCON
| polnat_polity_polconv_polcon
| Metric
| Veto points
|}

Political Constraints V

2021-01-26T19:50:06Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_polconv_polcon
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Constraints
|relatedindicators=[[Political Constraints III]]
|description=Measure of political constraints employed estimates the feasibility of policy change. Similar to [[Political Constraints III]] but also includes two additional veto points (the judiciary and sub_federal entities).
|codingrules=see POLCON [https://mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CODEBOOK_2005.pdf codebook]
|citation=<ul>
<li>Henisz, W.J. (2000), The Institutional Environment for Economic Growth. Economics & Politics, 12: 1-31.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Henisz, W.J. (2000), The Institutional Environment for Economic Growth. Economics & Politics, 12: 1-31.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066]</li>
</ul>
}}

Political Constraints III

2021-01-26T19:48:15Z

Paul Bederke: correct codebook link

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_polconiii_polcon
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Constraints
|relatedindicators=[[Political Constraints V]]
|description=Measure of political constraints employed estimates the feasibility of policy change.
|codingrules=see POLCON [https://mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CODEBOOK_2005.pdf codebook]
|citation=<ul>
<li>Witold J. Henisz, The institutional environment for infrastructure investment, Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2002, Pages 355-389. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355 https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Witold J. Henisz, The institutional environment for infrastructure investment, Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2002, Pages 355-389. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355 https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355]</li>
</ul>
}}

Political Constraints III

2021-01-26T19:46:01Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_polconiii_polcon
|category=Political factors
|label=Political Constraints
|relatedindicators=[[Political Constraints V]]
|description=Measure of political constraints employed estimates the feasibility of policy change.
|codingrules=see POLCON [https://mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CODEBOOK_2005-1.pdf codebook]
|citation=<ul>
<li>Witold J. Henisz, The institutional environment for infrastructure investment, Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2002, Pages 355-389. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355 https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Witold J. Henisz, The institutional environment for infrastructure investment, Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2002, Pages 355-389. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355 https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355]</li>
</ul>
}}

Political factors

2020-11-25T14:14:00Z

Paul Bederke: Add 'Election dummy'

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Indicator name*
! Subcategory I
! Subcategory II
! Subcategory III
! Technical name*
! Scale*
! Short description
|-
| [[Institutionalized Democracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_democ
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most democratic
|-
| [[Institutionalized Autocracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_autoc
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most autocratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score (Revised p4). Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity2
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Regime Durability. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_durable
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since regime score change > 2 points)
|-
| [[Number of Years Polity Has Persisted. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_persist
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since any regime score change*)
|-
| [[Regulation of Chief Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrreg
| Multinomial
| (1)unregulated (2)designational/transitional (3)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrcomp
| Multinomial
| (1)selection (2)dual/transitional (3)election
|-
| [[Openness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xropen
| Multinomial
| (1)closed (2)dual-designation (3)dual-election (4)open
|-
| [[Executive Constraints (Decision Rules). Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Checks and Balances
| polnat_polity_xconst
| Multinomial
| (1)unlimited authority, through, (7)executive party/subordination
|-
| [[Regulation of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parreg
| Ordinal
| (1)unregulated, through, (5)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parcomp
| Multinomial
| (0)not applicable, (1)repressed, through, (5)competitive
|-
| [[Executive Recruitment Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_exrec
| Multinomial
| 0 = suppressed / 10 = institutionalized electoral
|-
| [[Executive Constraints Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Check and Balances
| polnat_polity_exconst
| Multinomial
| identical to xconst
|-
| [[Political Competition Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_polcomp
| Multinomial
| 10 types, see Addendum C in Polity IV manual
|-
| [[Electoral democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, electoral dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Liberal democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, liberal dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Participatory democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, participatory dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Deliberative democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, deliberative dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Egalitarian democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_egaldem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, egalitarian dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
| Ordinal
| Classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
| Ordinal
| More granular classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election vote buying]]
| Politics
| Elections
| Corruption
| polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of vote and/or turnout buying (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| Corruption
| polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities of members of the legislature (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Lower chamber female legislators]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of female legislators (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by gender]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by gender (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by socioeconomic position (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by social group]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by social group (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by sexual orientation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Barriers to parties]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
| Metric
| Barriers upon political party formation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party ban]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
| Metric
| Bans of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Opposition parties autonomy]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
| Metric
| Independence of opposition parties of the ruling regime (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party organizations]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
| Metric
| Permanent organizations of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Legislative party cohesion]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
| Metric
| Cohesion of voting of members of the legislature for important bills (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party competition across regions]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
| Metric
| Regional competition of major parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Domestic autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
| Metric
| Domestic autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[International autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
| Metric
| International autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State authority over territory]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of the territory the state effectively controls (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State fiscal source of revenue]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
| Ordinal
| Main source of revenue of the central government (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Independent states]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
| Binary
| Is the polity an independent state? (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election dummy]]
| Polity
| Elections
| Elections Global & V-Party
| polnat_polity_election_dummy
| Binary
| Election dummy
|}

Election dummy lower legislative chamber

2020-11-25T12:11:06Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

Political factors

2020-11-24T18:23:20Z

Paul Bederke: Add 'Sovereignty' subcategory indicators

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Indicator name*
! Subcategory I
! Subcategory II
! Subcategory III
! Technical name*
! Scale*
! Short description
|-
| [[Institutionalized Democracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_democ
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most democratic
|-
| [[Institutionalized Autocracy. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_autoc
| Metric
| 0 = least / 10 = most autocratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Combined Polity Score (Revised p4). Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Democratization
| polnat_polity_polity2
| Metric
| -10 = strongly autocratic / 10 = strongly democratic
|-
| [[Regime Durability. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_durable
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since regime score change > 2 points)
|-
| [[Number of Years Polity Has Persisted. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Regime Type
| Stability
| polnat_polity_persist
| Ordinal
| count (# of years since any regime score change*)
|-
| [[Regulation of Chief Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Polity
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrreg
| Multinomial
| (1)unregulated (2)designational/transitional (3)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xrcomp
| Multinomial
| (1)selection (2)dual/transitional (3)election
|-
| [[Openness of Executive Recruitment. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_xropen
| Multinomial
| (1)closed (2)dual-designation (3)dual-election (4)open
|-
| [[Executive Constraints (Decision Rules). Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Checks and Balances
| polnat_polity_xconst
| Multinomial
| (1)unlimited authority, through, (7)executive party/subordination
|-
| [[Regulation of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parreg
| Ordinal
| (1)unregulated, through, (5)regulated
|-
| [[Competitiveness of Participation. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_parcomp
| Multinomial
| (0)not applicable, (1)repressed, through, (5)competitive
|-
| [[Executive Recruitment Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_exrec
| Multinomial
| 0 = suppressed / 10 = institutionalized electoral
|-
| [[Executive Constraints Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Check and Balances
| polnat_polity_exconst
| Multinomial
| identical to xconst
|-
| [[Political Competition Concept. Polity IV.]]
| Politics
| Government
| Electoral Institutions
| polnat_polity_polcomp
| Multinomial
| 10 types, see Addendum C in Polity IV manual
|-
| [[Electoral democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_polyarchy_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, electoral dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Liberal democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_libdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, liberal dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Participatory democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_partipdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, participatory dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Deliberative democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_delibdem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, deliberative dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Egalitarian democracy index]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_democ_egaldem_vdem
| Metric
| Aggregated high level democracy index, egalitarian dimension (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (4 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_vdem
| Ordinal
| Classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Regimes of the world index (10 categories)]]
| Polity
| Democratization
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_regimes_ambig_vdem
| Ordinal
| More granular classification of political regimes (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Election vote buying]]
| Politics
| Elections
| Corruption
| polnat_election_vote_buying_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of vote and/or turnout buying (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Corrupt activities of members of legislature]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| Corruption
| polnat_legislature_corrupt_activities_vdem
| Metric
| Evidence of corrupt activities of members of the legislature (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Lower chamber female legislators]]
| Politics
| Legislature
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_fem_legislator_perche_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of female legislators (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by gender]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_gender_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by gender (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by socioeconomic position]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_socio_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by socioeconomic position (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by social group]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_social_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by social group (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Power distributed by sexual orientation]]
| Politics
| Political Power
| V-Dem
| polnat_politics_power_distri_sexual_vdem
| Metric
| Distribution of political power by sexual orientation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Barriers to parties]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_barriers_vdem
| Metric
| Barriers upon political party formation (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party ban]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_ban_vdem
| Metric
| Bans of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Opposition parties autonomy]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_oppos_auto_vdem
| Metric
| Independence of opposition parties of the ruling regime (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party organizations]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_orga_vdem
| Metric
| Permanent organizations of political parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Legislative party cohesion]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_cohes_vdem
| Metric
| Cohesion of voting of members of the legislature for important bills (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Party competition across regions]]
| Polity
| Political Parties
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_parties_compe_region_vdem
| Metric
| Regional competition of major parties (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Domestic autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_domestic_vdem
| Metric
| Domestic autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[International autonomy]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
| Metric
| International autonomy from other states (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State authority over territory]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
| Metric
| Percentage of the territory the state effectively controls (V-Dem)
|-
| [[State fiscal source of revenue]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
| Ordinal
| Main source of revenue of the central government (V-Dem)
|-
| [[Independent states]]
| Polity
| Sovereignty
| V-Dem
| polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
| Binary
| Is the polity an independent state? (V-Dem)
|}

Independent states

2020-11-24T18:16:37Z

Paul Bederke:

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: Independent states
|relatedindicators=
|description=Dichotomous indicator whether a polity is an independent state. It's built up on the coding of independent states by Gleditsch and Ward’s (1999).
|codingrules=<ul>
<li>0: No</li>
<li>1: Yes</li>
</ul>

For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2020b, 179).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward. 1999. "Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816." International Interactions 25: 393-413.</li>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020b. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-materials-v10/ V-Dem Codebook v10" Varieties of Democracy]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020. ”V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
}}

Independent states

2020-11-24T18:15:12Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|scale=Binary
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_independent_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: Independent states
|relatedindicators=
|description=Dichotomous indicator whether a polity is an independent state. It's built up on the coding of independent states by Gleditsch and Ward’s (1999).
|codingrules=For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2020b, 179).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward. 1999. "Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816." International Interactions 25: 393-413.</li>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020b. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-materials-v10/ V-Dem Codebook v10" Varieties of Democracy]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020. ”V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
}}

State fiscal source of revenue

2020-11-24T17:37:14Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|scale=Ordinal
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_fiscal_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: State fiscal
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings on the main source of revenue of the central government to finance its activities.
|codingrules=Experts were asked "On which of the following sources of revenue does the central government primarily rely to finance its activities?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2020b, 177):
<ul>
<li>0: The state is not capable of raising revenue to finance itself.</li>
<li>1: The state primarily relies on external sources of funding (loans and foreign aid) to finance its activities.</li>
<li>2: The state primarily relies on directly controlling economic assets (natural resource rents,
public monopolies, and the expropriation of assets within and outside the country) to finance its activities.</li>
<li>3: The state primarily relies on taxes on property (land taxes) and trade (customs duties).</li>
<li>4: The state primarily relies on taxes on economic transactions (such as sales taxes) and/or taxes on income, corporate profits and capital.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020b. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-materials-v10/ V-Dem Codebook v10" Varieties of Democracy]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020. ”V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
}}

State authority over territory

2020-11-24T09:50:14Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_territory_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: State territory
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert assessment of the percentage of the territory the state effectively controls.
|codingrules=For more details and sources see Coppedge et al. (2020b, 176).
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020b. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-materials-v10/ V-Dem Codebook v10" Varieties of Democracy]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020. ”V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
}}

International autonomy

2020-11-24T09:36:05Z

Paul Bederke: Initial version

{{IndicatorForm
|datatype=Numeric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|scale=Metric
|valuelabels=Not applicable
|techname=polnat_polity_sov_international_vdem
|category=Political factors
|label=Sovereignty: International autonomy
|relatedindicators=
|description=Aggregated V-Dem country expert ratings whether a state is autonomous from the control of other states in conducting its foreign policy. Lower values indicate that a state is less autonomous, higher values suggest stronger autonomous from other states.
|codingrules=Ordinal ratings were aggregated to interval scale applying V-Dem's measurement model (Pemstein et al. 2020). Experts were asked "Is the state autonomous from the control of other states with respect to the conduct of domestic policy?" and the ordinal wordings of the question were (Coppedge et al. 2020b, 176):
<ul>
<li>0: Non-autonomous. Foreign policy is controlled by an external power, either de facto or de jure. The most common examples of this are colonial rule and military occupation (e.g. quadripartite occupation of Germany in 1945). Situations in which domestic actors provide de jure cover for de facto control by a foreign power should not be construed as semi-autonomy (e.g. Vichy France). Governments in exile that control underground forces waging unconventional warfare are not considered as mitigating an occupation regime (e.g. countries under German occupation during WWII).</li>
<li>1: Semi-autonomous. An external political actor directly constrains the ability of domestic actors to pursue an independent foreign policy course in some important areas. This may be the product of explicit treaty provisions or well-understood rules of the game from which the subject state cannot withdraw. Examples would include Soviet strictures over rule in so-called "satellite" states in Eastern Europe, and explicitly negotiated postwar settlements (e.g. Austria following WWII).</li>
<li>2: Autonomous. Domestic political actors exercise foreign policy free of the direct control of external political actors. Direct control is meant to exclude the exercise of constraint or the impact of interdependence in the international system. Treaties in which states concede some part of that control to a supra- or international organization voluntarily, and from which there is a possibility of exit should not be interpreted as a violation of autonomy.</li>
</ul>
|citation=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020a. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
|relatedpublications=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Agnes Cornell, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Valeriya Mechkova, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020b. "[https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/reference-materials-v10/ V-Dem Codebook v10" Varieties of Democracy]". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.</li>
<li>Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. 2020. "The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data". [https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/21/c5/21c5915e-48be-4bfd-8ff8-32f68afa13cc/wp_21_5th_edition_final.pdf V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 5th edition]. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.</li>
</ul>
|projectmanagers=Nils Düpont (A01), Paul Bederke
|datarelease=Not yet applicable
|revisions=Not yet applicable
|sources=<ul>
<li>Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Luhrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Steven Wilson, Agnes Cornell, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Johannes von Römer, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2020. ”V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. [https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20 https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20]</li>
</ul>
}}